Typological classification

On the basis of comparative research of different languages descended from Kipchak, it is possibile to say that the Armeno-Kipchak, in its first phase of development, had 9 vowel-phonemes; namely: /а/, /е/,/ė/,/i/, /ï /, /о/,/ö/, /и/ and /ü/. The variety of ways in which the language was written down later on make recreating the phonology impossible. For example, according to the writting system used by Tryjarski, the word meaning ‘church’ could have been pronounced as iχov ~jïχov ~ juχov. (Tryjarski 2010: 18Tryjarski 2010: 18 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

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The characteristically Turkish features of the Armeno-Kipchak language include: vocalic harmony and lack of grammatical gender. Armeno-Kipchak used to be SVO and, as is typical of such languages, it used postpositions very frequently. It did not have prepositions (Stachowski 2010: 214Stachowski 2010: 214 / komentarz/comment/r /
Stachowski, Stanisław 2010. "Polonizacja języka ormiańsko-kipczackiego", LingVaria 2: 213-227.

). There was one conjugation type of verbs and one declension type of nouns and pronouns. Adjectives were uninflected.

Influence of other languages on Armeno-Kipchak

It is possibile to distinguish three different etymological layers when it comes to the lexicon of the Armeno-Kipchak langauge throughout its whole process of development; namely, Turkish with Mongolian, Arabic and Persian elements, Old Armenian (especially in the domain of religion and legislature) and Slavic. The vast majority of borrowings is Slavic, while the number of Armenian words is minimal (Berta 2006: 165Berta 2006: 165 / komentarz/comment/r /
Berta, Árpád 2006. "Middle Kipchak", w: Lars Johnson & Éva Á. Csató (red.) The Turkic Languages. London – New York: Routledge.

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The first speakers of the Armeno-Kipchak language were surrounded all around by a community speaking the Old Russian and later on, the Russian language. Historically, it was the first Slavic language with whom the Red Ruthenia’s inhabitants’ language was constantly being in touch. After the incorporation of Red Ruthenia into the Republic of Poland, Armeno-Kipchak came into contact with Polish. This is evident in some elements of the language, mainly in the lexicon, but also in inflection and word formation (Stachowski 2010: 213Stachowski 2010: 213 / komentarz/comment/r /
Stachowski, Stanisław 2010. "Polonizacja języka ormiańsko-kipczackiego", LingVaria 2: 213-227.

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All the information about the influence of various languages on Armeno-Kipchak comes from written texts; there are virtually no data when it comes to the spoken variety of the language. This is why The minutes of the Armenian ecclesiastical court of Lvov from years 1625-1630 in the Armeno-Kipchak language is so valuable as, being minutes of a court session, it contains examples of the colloqial language used by people of different social status (Tryjarski 2010: 17Tryjarski 2010: 17 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

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There was Polish influence on almost all word classes of the Armeno-Kipchak lexicon. In the texts dating back to the 17th century it is possible to see nouns and adjectives of Polish origin such as: nakladlar ‘additional expenses ’, sinica ‘hallway’, vïdattk‘a ‘expenses’, prik‘rïy ‘unpleasant’, duχo˙vnïy t‘ora, duχo˙vniy t‘ora, t‘ora duχo˙vnïy, t‘ora duχo˙vnïy, t‘ora duχo˙vniy ‘ecclesiastical court’. There are also adverbs (i.e. tedï  ‘then’) and adpositional phrases (i.e.  prï bïtnosc̣i  ‘in the presence of’).
Slavic verb endings (-c, -ć, -ci,-ći, -t’, -ti, -ty) were not considered similar to any native ending  (-mak ~ -maχ or -meḱ ~ -meχ́). Slavic infinitives were treated as words to which a verbal form of et-mek ‘robić’ or bol-mak (< osm.-tur. ol-mak) ‘to be’ (Stachowski 2010: 218Stachowski 2010: 218 / komentarz/comment/r /
Stachowski, Stanisław 2010. "Polonizacja języka ormiańsko-kipczackiego", LingVaria 2: 213-227.

) was added. Such words of Polish origin  (np. vykupit et- ‘to pay ransom’, oddat ėt- ‘to give away’) functioned as a predicative verb (Berta 2006: 163Berta 2006: 163 / komentarz/comment/r /
Berta, Árpád 2006. "Middle Kipchak", w: Lars Johnson & Éva Á. Csató (red.) The Turkic Languages. London – New York: Routledge.

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Polish names, such as Hanna or Grześko (hem pan grėsk‘o d[ė]r luk‘ašovic ‘and Mr Gresko D[e]r Łukaszowic‘) were quite popular among the Armenian community of the 17th century. (Stachowski 2010: 222Stachowski 2010: 222 / komentarz/comment/r /
Stachowski, Stanisław 2010. "Polonizacja języka ormiańsko-kipczackiego", LingVaria 2: 213-227.

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Some words of Polish origin came to Armeno-Kipchak through Ukrainian dialects of the Russian langauge. They include, for example, a bag (vac̣ok < ukr. *vacok‘ < pol. wacek) or a condition (varunok‘ < ukr. *varunok < pol. warunek).
When it comes to word formation, it has been noted that Polish (and sometimes Russian) words were joined to Armeno-Kipchak ones with word formation suffixes. For example, the word k‘niažlïχ ‘principality’ comes from Russian k‘niaž = k‘niaža ‘prince, duke’ to which a suffix -lïχ/-lik‘ was joined. 
Latin also had a certain degree of influence on the Armeno-Kipchak language, mainly in the domain of legislature and science. The number of Latin words in protocols of the Manuscript of  Abramowicz is much higher than in other preserved documents. It could have been caused by legal education of the author as well as the fact that the manuscript had documented language forms typical to the legal language and its abundance of the Latin terminology (Tryjarski 2010: 21Tryjarski 2010: 21 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

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The time when the Latin borrowings appeared in the Armeno-Kipchak language, as well as the speed at which they started appearing, are connected to the changing status of the Latin language. In the Armeno-Kipchak version of the Codex of the laws of Polish Armenians (1519) the Latin borrowings are scarcely there, instead there are many Polish ones, such as dėdic̣ ‘heir’ czy  žolnėr ‘soldier’. In the texts dating back to the second half of the 16th century, the number of Latin borrowings which came to usage through Polish, is still rather low. An example of them could be rata ‘installment’. 18th century documents, however, contain many more Latin words – appearing even in parliamentary journals. This kind of dynamics mirrors the period’s apotheosis of Latin whose knowledge became more and more common (Tryjarski 2010: 21-22Tryjarski 2010: 21-22 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

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Latin borrowings in the Manuscript of Abramowicz include legal (dėbitor ‘debtor’), as well as other words which had come to Polish and then to Armeno-Kipchak (np. prėtėk’st < pol. pretekst < łac. pretextus ‘pretext’, rėk’ognic̣ia < pol. rekognicja < łac. recognitio ‘recognition’). Phrases of Polish-Latin origin (np. vlasnim sumptėm ‘at one’s own expense’) and Armeno-Kipchak verbs constructed of Polish-Latin terms and Armeno-Kipchak auxiliary verbs ėt – i bol- (i.e. submitovac̣c̣a bol- ‘to submit, to yield’) are also often (Tryjarski 2010: 25Tryjarski 2010: 25 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

). Tryjarski (2010) considers fragments such as bu ak’c̣ion intėntowali ‘they considered an action’ (Tryjarski 2010: 28Tryjarski 2010: 28 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

) as „the result of the court recorders’ creativity”. A different group are interjections wholly in Latin (np. in illo foro ‘in every court’) (Tryjarski 2010: 27Tryjarski 2010: 27 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

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Armeno-Kipchak similarity in its final stage to Slavic languages can also be seen in its syntax. A very Slavic word order is often used in some fragments of Andrzej Torosowicz’s manuscript (Tryjarski 2005: 11-12Tryjarski 2005: 11-12 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2005. Armeno-Kipchak Texts in the Alchemical Treatise by Andrzej Torosowicz (17th Century). Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa.

). It should be noted, however, that Slavic languages started influencing Armeno-Kipchak syntax a long time before the 18th century (Tryjarski 2010: 19Tryjarski 2010: 19 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2010. Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1625-1630 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

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There are not many sources indicating influence of different languages on Armeno-Kipchak. It is not known whether the Persian language (for example as abdn ‘water pot’) had any influence on Armeno-Kipchak, be it through Turkish or Armenian. One of the words of Armenian origins appearin in the manuscripts of Andrzej Torosowicz is žadz suwu ‘sulfuric acid’ (Tryjarski 2005: 13Tryjarski 2005: 13 / komentarz/comment/r /
Tryjarski, Edward 2005. Armeno-Kipchak Texts in the Alchemical Treatise by Andrzej Torosowicz (17th Century). Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa.

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